Welcome to ‘Who’s Afraid of Social Democracy?’
This blog has been created by Elisabeth Young-Bruehl and it will consist of commentaries on current affairs and reflections on contemporary political issues and questions. Occasionally, invited guests will contribute as well.
My blog comes unabashedly from a position that in much of the world would require no explanation: social democracy. But in America, “socialism” is hate speech, and any species variation within the evolution of socialism is covered by the prevailing prejudice against “socialism.” Few know much about the history or meaning of social democracy because our public discourse simply does not allow discussion of it, not even under the designations “left” or “left liberal,” which are almost meaningless.
Early in the 20th century the Europeans who allied under the banner of socialism split into two camps: those who followed Marx and called for a worker’s revolution against capitalism, and those who called for a reform of capitalism that would gradually bring about socialism. The second group, called democratic socialists, emerged victorious after the nations that followed the Marxist line devolved into horrifying authoritarian and totalitarian states in which political life almost disappeared. But, in the years after the Second World War, the democratic socialists themselves divided, and a variant known as social democracy emerged in the devasted nations of Europe and in many nations around the world. The goal of the social democrats was not socialism (in the old definition emphasizing worker ownership of the means of production), but democratic states that might achieve some goals that socialists had articulated, particularly state regulation of capitalist enterprises and state sponsored services that would provide all citizens with provision when they could not provide for themselves, protection from exploitation and abuse and from threats to health and safety, and participation as citizens in decision-making.
In the wake of the Great Depression and then the Second World War, the ideals of social democracy were embraced in the Western European nations, in the nations emerging from European colonial domination or becoming more independent within the British Commonwealth, in much of Latin America, and even in America, which had moved in the social democratic direction with the New Deal. But the vast majority of Americans accepted the New Deal only as a cluster of emergency measures, and in the anti-Communist 1950s boom years, the measures no longer seemed necessary, much less worth fighting for. Particularly after Lyndon Johnson’s presidency and its Great Society social democratic initiatives, the majority of Americans moved into criticism of “big government” welfare, of universal healthcare, even of public education, which had been an ideal since the late 19th century curtailment of child labor and the establishment of public schools. “The Sixties” became an emblem both of anarchy among the young (and assault on “family values”) and of too much “tax and spend” government.
America’s defeat in Vietnam ushered in a period of conservativism or anti-social democracy so pervaded with calls for getting government out of the people’s families and finances, out of the corporations’ and their increasingly global reach, that “the left” virtually disappeared into a large center region of the political spectrum. When Reagan’s Republican Party swept into power in 1980, most of the stalwarts of liberalism old enough to have lived through the Great Depression and the Second World War departed the Congress and the Supreme Court began its tilt rightward. The system of checks and balances so brilliantly laid out in our Constitution began to become clogged. Since then, political reformers, like Bill Clinton and now like Barack Obama, have been reformers from and in the congested and confused center. Very few of the young voters who so idealistically worked for Obama have any idea what the term “social democracy” means, although most actually embrace its ideals of social justice and its promise of reigning in the excesses of corporate expansionism that have landed the whole world in an economic crisis that warrants comparison with the Great Depression.
The post-War American history that I have just sketched is the history of my generation’s defining struggle, from the time when “the Baby Boomers” populated the anti-war student movement until today, when so many of them populate the enterprises and offices from which their youthful ideals of social democracy have disappeared. At the age of sixty-four, I bring to this blog more than forty years of concern for this political story, which in the pre-blog era I have expressed publicly in articles and books –a dozen books, beginning in 1982 with a biography of my teacher and mentor Hannah Arendt, who had died in 1975. My commitment to social democracy is Arendtian. That is, it is grounded in the history of the European social democratic tradition, which Arendt, as a Jewish émigré from Germany, knew well and worked within, both as a continuer and as a critic.
But Hannah Arendt would never have announced herself as “a leftist,” because she thought that the old designations left and right, dating from the French Revolution, were obsolete by the end of the Second World War, and also that they had become an inhibition upon independent thinking. To think “out of the box” as she did, one needed to avoid these right/left boxes. I agree with that evaluation. But living in an American moment in which “the right” has undergone a series of profound redefinitions of itself and come to a very dangerous retrenchment, I find it necessary to state my opposition as from “the left.” If this were the early 1950’s, it would be sufficient to take a critical stand as an “anti-McCarthyite,” for the threat Joseph McCarthy and his ilk posed to the country was specific and had many historical precedents among petty despots and conspiracy theorists. If this were the late 1960s, one might have opposed both the Democratic President Lyndon Johnson and his successor the Republican Richard Nixon by aligning with the coalition called “anti-war.” (Although that focus had the unfortunate consequence that it was difficult to continue to support Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society social democratic initiatives while opposing his prosecution of the war in Vietnam.) Now, there is no specific person or series of events to be “anti” to. It is not even useful to be anti-Republican Party. The problem of our fractured political life is everywhere. We are having a national nervous breakdown.
Since the end of the Vietnam War, America has become a multiple personality disorder of a country, a country of many selves and groups that do not communicate and have in common only that they silence the social democratic “self”—to the amazement of the rest of the world. And in this mélange, this chaos, I think it is crucial to take a stance in the terms that the general public is not allowed to hear and to say “I come from the social democratic left.” But then go on to say, as clearly as possible, what that means and what it implies; what one stands for and what one hopes to see developing in the future. To say what has happened, and what is to be done. To make a diagnosis and propose a therapy.
On this blog, questions about what happened to social democracy will be raised from many angles. Why was America in the 20th century so resistant to the reasonable and constructive and egalitarian elements of the social democratic tradition? Why did the reasonable rejection of Communism and of the authoritarian forms of socialism extend to anything that was associated with socialism –a guilt by association? Why did the revolutionary tradition in America –dating from our founding revolution and the adoption of our Constitution—erode so deeply in the 19th century and on into the 20thcentury, to the point where it is now lost in a mythologized past? What ideas and what conditions allowed the Western European countries to rediscover a social democratic heritage after the Second World War and go forward –haltingly, with many struggles and regressions—to the establishment of the European Union? Why has America asserted its national sovereignty in a way that has undermined every constructive convention emanating from the United Nations?
Since the 1990s, I have worked as a psychoanalyst in addition to writing in the political theoretical arena that my Ph.D under Arendt’s supervision prepared me for. This blog will draw on both of my trainings, as I hope to be what might be called “historically clinical” in my approach to the “what is to be done? questions that move me and the others who will contribute to this blog. Also, for the last few years, I have been living in Canada, and I will also bring to this blog the experience of living in a social democracy (although one fighting to preserve that identity), looking on my country from a place where, for example, universal healthcare is available and functioning well.
In my psychoanalytic work, there is the daily discipline of the fifty-minute hour and “the frame” (the accumulated wisdom in the field about how to conduct the therapeutic work for greatest effect). Here, too, I will discipline my work; and the first discipline will be that each session of this blog will have a limit of two thousand words, so that I will be succinct and you will be able to concentrate, focus, topic by topic, while we build up a bigger picture, constructing an embracing narrative as the sessions accumulate.
Putting your email address in the SUBSCRIBE box in right margin will bring you notice of each new post made to the blog.
Hooray! This blog is something the world really needs. Thanks and I hope you get all the response and readership your work deserves.
Since this is your first blog, it is appropriate that this is my first response to a blog. I very much look forward to your commentary and your ability to blend scholarship, empathy and commitment to social justice. I do find something missing in your comments, and I wonder if you would agree, that the energy that fuels the “new right” at this time is the same energy that brought down the Great Society, and that broke up the farmer-laborer alliances in the 1890s. In its extreme form it is racism pure and simple. As filtered down over the last century, it is more like discomfort and disbelief that an underclass should have the same place at the table as white Americans. That remains the worm at the center of American democracy.
Dear Elisabeth,
So excited about your new blog. I agree with you so much about your point of view and wish I had the guts to be totally devoting myself to something that tears my heart out when I hear the craziness out there.
All the best
Carolyn (Ellman)
I am interested in what you are saying.I too am a psychoanalyst concerned about how we psychoanalysts are not relating to what is going on in our world and in the world our grandchildren will grow up in. I need to think more about what you are saying to have comments, but immediately I have one thought.That is that while there has been a greater move away from social democracy since the Johnson era, I remember the struggle against it going on even during the new deal (I was born in 1925). I observed twenty years ago, talking to people ten years younger than I was, their views as to what to expect from government in the way of helping meet needs that require government involvement was significantly more limited than mine was and is. In my view the change is that these forces have gained more ascendancy.
I am not computer illiterate, but I am significantly challenged, and this is the first time I have participated in a blog. Can what is written here be printed? To really absorb ideas I need to read them on a page rather than on a screen.
Dear Dr. Y-B,
At your Chicago presentation you indicated that the psychoanalytic Left had no significant representation in the US. I cited the work of Joel Kovel during the Q & A, but neglected to mention an important book by Richard Lichtman titled “The Production of Desire.” If you have not read it, I urge you to. Enjoyed your presentation a lot.
Bill Fried
Sounds very interesting–looking forward.
I’ve been reading around the site. Nice presentation. Much to think about and absorb. I’m glad you’re approaching this both politically and psychoanalytically, because much of what is wrong in America has to do people’s attitudes. For example, why have so many people lost sight of the common good and replaced it with “what’s in it for me.” I have some thoughts on this but want to hold on to those thoughts until I understand how this site works. For instance, who will be able to view my comments? The site currently says it has received 3 comments, but I cannot view them. Is this how the site works, e.g., we will not be able to view each other’s comments?
Thank you. I can now see comments.
I’m delighted that you have started this blog and look forward to hearing more of your thinking, which I have always greatly valued.
I am particularly interested in psychoanalysis as social critique and fascinated by the problems of method that have arisen in that venture. There is, of course, the problem that professional psychoanalysis, with important exceptions, has avoided political engagement starting with the secretiveness about politics Jacobi described following the emigration of the Second World War, continuing through the activity of analysts in the CP that Arnold Richards is now uncovering, but most notable in the absence of social thought from the psychoanalytic curriculum, from which Freud’s work starting with Civilization and its discontents (and, of course, including Marcuse and Fanon) are entirely absent. At the same time some analysts, operating in a liberal mode, have addressed various “social problems” such as the oppression of women, gays and lesbians, and poverty population but almost invariably from points of view that avoid any sort of deep analysis of the issues and instead almost focus on rectifying “mistakes.”
Can we develop a genuinely psychoanalytic approach to the study of society? What would this look like and how might it be effective? I think you may be in a unique position to contribute to such a project because, to my reading, Arendt despite saying so little to say that refers directly to psychoanalysis, seems to me a model for the way inquiry into human motives and meanings manifest themselves in the political realm.
Finally, I too am fascinated by what I think is a real shift among Americans over the past 40 years from the idea that “we can change the world” to a notion that the best we can do is to make adjustments that improve things. I don’t think this is merely generational (like you I am in my mid-sixties and naturally nostalgic for my youth) but more fundamental in the sense that the “change” that mobilized young people (and others of us) for Obama is of a far more narrow and less fundamental kind than was envisioned in the sixties.
Robert M. Galatzer-Levy
@William MacGillivray
The “new right” a.k.a. Tea Party is going after even moderate Republicans, as in recent weeks those not deemed conservative enough are challenged successfully in primary races. I would hesitate to be too quick to invoke race -look what happened to Jimmy Carter when he rushed to defend Obama – not that it isn’t an element, but it is too easily seized upon by those who would dismiss any rebuttal of their views as the Tea Party sees itself as almost post-racial, and hence such criticism as elitist, retro-left thinking.
I must also say that I hope this site would not be too preoccupied with any analytic construct, if it is to appeal to a broader spectrum politically. I am a “lay person” – not a therapist but I agree the US is in a multiple-personality mode, not unlike what DeTocqueville warned against, individuals just concerned with their own small circle of friends and family. And yet what people of the Tea Party set would identify with is still some notion of the Silent Majority, collective aggrievement against government. To which I also have to take exception to the other opinion expressed here of nostalgia for the 60s among Boomers who haven’t completely “sold out” but run the risk of trying to relive their youth, struggling against yesterday’s bogeymen, i.e. Iraq is not Viet-Nam. And Marcuse may be more “One Dimensional” now than we’d like to admit, aside from the fact that he’s practically unknown.
As to why and how we are here now, in my opinion, Reagan voided the FCC’s “Equal Time” clause and look what’s happened, “right-wing” radio is the norm; though Air America emerged with the enthusiasm for a likely Democratic successor (given Cheney’s heart [sic]), it evaporated with the Obama success. And he is pilloried both as a socialist and with a Hitler mustache. DeTocqueville said we’re excited by two conflicting passions: to be led and the wish to remain free. He darkly foresaw government as a shepherd, but it’s amazing how those who bristle most against that reality are in effect braying the loudest.
@William MacGillivray
I agree with your basic picture here, that racism is “the worm at the center” Perhaps racism can from one angle be understood as an unconscious guilt and/or desire that is defended against by the white and “middle class” resentment and othering of whomever is socio-historically available as surrogate for the problematic object.
Though I take it to be a fact, that racism is basic, here, I am unsettled by the next fact (for me), that this insight seems not to generate any useful ideas for action on the part of folks like me who are frightened by what seems to be a current flowing strongly toward violent fascism in this country.
Galatzer-Levy, in his comment, poses the questions: Can we develop a genuinely psychoanalytic approach to the study of society? What would this look like and how might it be effective? Perhaps my response to MacGillivray is my version of posing the same questions.
I, too, welcome your new blog, E W-B.. I see that the conversation is already growing almost exponentially.
Marilyn Frye
I have sent your announcement of your new blog to an internet forum that I am on, and will send it to others as well. I look forward to your posts on these interesting topics.
Selma
As a veteran of the American left, recently turned 70, and a psychotherapist, the questions you raise are precisely the concerns that I ponder all the time. Why, indeed, do working and middle class Americans consistently vote and even agitate against their own self interest? Is there really any possibility, with the demise of the trade union movement, the quiescence of the anti-war movement, the civil rights movement, the women’s movement and even the student movement that American politics can be changed. Or are those of us who still think of ourselves as left just to be consigned to cultural and political critiques with no real involvement in the political movements of our time.
I remember from the late 50′s and early 60′s as I was just coming into political activism that there was a resurgence of the right-wing most visible in the garb of the John Birch Society. Irving Howe gave a stirring lecture on the rise of the right wing about that time and he reminded us of the cyclical nature of political life. It was comforting. Then, of course, the radicalization of huge numbers of American students and even some workers, buoyed our optimism (and some might say naivete) during the 60′s and 70′s. Some of us thought we’d really begin to reshape American political culture so that there might indeed be a possibility of an actual discussion about capitalism and socialism.
Where did it all go? The answer surely must lie with the systematic miseducation of Americans in the public school system, the enormous success and vitality (and rapaciousness) of American capitalism, the historical connection between progressives in government and pro-war foreign policy of the Democratic Party, and the association of “socialism” and totalitarianism resulting from the domination of the American left by the uncritical supporters of the Soviet Union.
I think it is too easy to think of the current right-wing movement as dupes of the corporate interests and the Republican leadership. It is not that they are just uneducated and ignorant. Though all of this is true, yet as psychoanalytically informed people, we might want to try to hear the emotional truth and cogent thought embedded in their rhetoric. I find them exasperating and frightening.
So much of what is reported is the most politically salacious: the thinly veiled racism and the not so thinly veiled calls to violence. But what I can gather is that there is a core of people, and who knows how many, who are just anti-government. We ought to be able to sympathize with these attitudes, even when they are ridiculously self defeating. (Healthcare via insurance companies will be freer and fairer than healthcare provided by the government that can actually be voted out?)
Is there a way for social democrats to enter a dialogue with the tea partyers? Is their liberatarian streak a possible bridge between the two world views? Is their outrage at “Wall Street” too much an artifact of the demagogery of those who would lead them to serve as an opening of a shared critique of unfettered markets and post modern capitalism? Or has the politics of envy, identity and anti-intellectualism so rotted the core of American polity that its just too late?
All the best on the launching of this blog…maybe its worth another try.
Leslye Russell
I just discovered this blog through an email from Larry Gould of the ISPSO and am delighted to have found it and be connected to this ongoing conversation.
As I will soon be directing my NEH seminar on Arendt again at SDSU this year, the timing of my discovery is well-suited to being able to inform the teachers who will attend the seminar about the conversation between E Y-B and Jerry Kohn on Arendt and Education.
Of course, the wider range of issues available on this site make it a perfect supplement to the work we will undertake studying Arendt together this summer.
Bravo, and thanks!
Kathy Jones
I am one of those practical idealist young people mentioned who embraced Mr. Obama’s campaign promises of social justice and the reigning in of the excess of capitalism we’re faced with today. I look forward to reading future essays on this site, and (if I may be permitted to indulge myself a moment) I hope this blog can be maintained as a place of mutual courtesy and respect, unlike most news stories and other sites, where the “Comments” sections are filled with nonsequiter rants by people who seem to have too much time on their hands.
Thank you
Seth T.
Dear Dr. Young-Bruehl, thank you for creating this blog.I am definitely not afraid of social democracy, although democratic socialism is more appealing to me.
I would like to express my agreement with Bill McGillivray and Marilyn Frye that racism is the “worm at the center of American democracy.” I would like to add that the right in this country perceive efforts to eliminate institutional and othe socialy manifested racism from our society to be attacks on the neoliberal capitalist system.Historically they are accurate because the accumulation of capital that enabled the creation of the American economic juggernaut began in the era of the decimation of Indian populations, colonialism, and slavery in the “New World.” Bad faith, systemic hypocrisy, as Fanon shows, was and is necessary to suppress awareness of these crimes.
I think that socialst theory conjoined with the psychoanalytic vision of new human relations can offer and alternative vision for the organization of work and society as a whole.
Thank you for writing this. I myself am a Leftist of the Social Democracy persuasion. I say social-anything and I get stares. This country need a reality check. We’re in for a seriously rocky ride and things are going to get worse until we can come together as a nation and agree on what to do and who is going to do it and how.
I’d have to go along with with you here. Which is not something I typically do! I love reading a post that will make people think. Also, thanks for allowing me to comment!
I wish more people would write blogs like this that are really fun to read. With all the fluff floating around on the net, it is rare to read a blog like this instead.
FYI
After reading an article about Israel by Gideon Levy http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/israel-has-become-a-society-of-force-and-violence-1.370407
I sent him an excerpt from your article on Civilization…” specifically RE; Anna Freud’s theory of ‘identifying with the aggressor.’
Here is the email I sent:
Mr. Levy,
Thank you for your wonderful article “Israel has become a society of force and violence”. It is my hope that continued discussion can help us understand this situation and find lasting peace. In my view, a healing of the Jewish collective soul is needed, as I do not think we have done that yet. The result is what Anna Freud called ‘identifying with the aggressor.’
Although I do not know exactly how the healing can happen, I hope you will read this excerpted article to find understanding. Your wisdom could help us all find the way to heal the Jewish people. Only then will their be real peace.
A second way to define a trauma is: an event (the actions of a person or groups of persons) rends the psyche of an individual or the interpersonal fabric of a society in such a way that the ingredients of the event are compulsively repeated within the individual or the society, which come, then, to resemble the traumatizing event. This definition references a phenomenon known to psychoanalysts since the 1920s and elaborated by Anna Freud in her The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (1936). An individual who is traumatically aggressed can –and usually does—“identify with the aggressor” or the aggressive event and do unto others as has been done unto her or him. That is, the person will imitate the ingredients of the aggression suffered, including not just acts but the ingredient of motivation. (Later, after child abuse was more thoroughly studied, this phenomenon between children and adults was called “intergenerational transmission of trauma.”) link
Regards,
Krista Moran
Rhode Island USA
I read your book on Anna Freud…terrific…and helped me understand what is happening in Israel and Palestine. Wonder if your new venture could help folks understand….just a brain fart…:)
Regards,
Krista Moran
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